AP Euro Scientific Revolution Recap

Causes- printing press, rivalries among city-states, reformation, and humanism

Astronomy

-Ptolemy- geocentricism and circular orbits (just like what the Church believed)

-Copernicus- earth revolves around sun (heliocentricism), circular orbits

-Brahe- planets around sun, sun and moon around the earth; observed stars and comet

-Kepler- heliocentricism with elliptical orbits

-Galileo- telescope to view solar system

Other Sciences

-Galen- physician, wrote On the Construction of the Human Body, dissected human body for medical knowledge

-Paracelsus- experimented with new drugs, founded pharmacology

-Harvey- blood circulation, used rational deduction

-Newton- Principia applied laws of movements to planetary motion and summarized his mathematical and mechanical discoveries; founds calculus

Philosophy- sought to break with past tradition

-Francis Bacon (France)- scientific method, used math and mechanics to understand nature and use nature to elaborate on scientific knowledge (less reliance on tradition)

-Descartes- “I think, therefore I am”- used deductive reasoning to understand the universe, broke with tradition (past is taking over the present) through writing in French, not Latin

Religious

-Copernicus bases his theories off bible, dedicated his work to Pope Paul III

-Catholic Church condemns work of Galileo and Pope Urban VIII puts him in house arrest

-Papal Inquisition executes Giordano Bruno in 1600 for heresies about a dual-universe

-Many of the scientists were religious- ex. Newton

-Jansenists- Catholic faction believing in total sinfulness of mankind and need for salvation

Society- classes

-All social classes appreciated new sciences

Politically- constant rivalry among nation-states that increased scientific development

-Political theories of Hobbes and Locke

Hobbes	Locke
-Power of state is needed to control society -Absolute rulership to control society -Power comes from social contract, not divine right -Social Contract- ruler can do whatever they want, people have no rights, can’t rebel	-Man born free, Gov. must organize society -Social Contract- man has inalienable rights of life, liberty, and property and can rebel if they are taken away -Opposed forcing Catholicism on people -Tabula Rasa- man is born innocent